Road Construction Equipments

Road Construction Equipments Biography
Heavy machinery" redirects here. For the album by Anders Johansson, Jens Johansson and Allan Holdsworth, see Heavy Machinery (album).
Further information: Equipment (disambiguation)
Heavy equipment vehicles of various types parking near a highway construction site
Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parking near a quarry in Israel.
Bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parking near a quarry.

Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also known as, construction equipment, construction plant, earth movers, engineering vehicles, or simply equipment. They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information.[1] Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied.[2] Currently most equipment use hydraulic machinery as a primary source of transmission.
Contents

    1 History
        1.1 From horses, through steam, to diesel
    2 Types
    3 Images
    4 Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools
    5 Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks
    6 Structure
    7 Powertrain
    8 Control and Information
    9 Equipment operators
        9.1 Operator training
    10 Equipment Cost
        10.1 Operating cost
    11 Models
    12 Notable Manufacturers
    13 See also
    14 References
    15 External links

History
Further information: History of construction and History of steam road vehicles

    JCB 3CX backhoe loader

    A wheeled bulldozer in an open pit coal mine

    A portable engine; a precursor to modern engineering vehicles

    An early gasoline-powered tractor

The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura. The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1818.
From horses, through steam, to diesel

Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene, ethanol and gasoline engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917.

The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the Lombard Steam Log Hauler from 1901. Tracks became extensively used for tanks during World War I, and after the war they became commonplace for civilian machinery such as the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles, and the largest mobile land machines altogether, are bucket-wheel excavators, built from the 1920s.

"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel - moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane, levers, and ignorant to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time." [3]

Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.
Types
In the following, the generic "dump truck" appears several times by more technical names by "type" or application, such as "highway 10 yard rear dump" or off-road varieties like "construction & mining trucks". The category:engineering vehicles partially replicates this generic list and contains specific equipment models not contained here.

    Aerial work platform / Lift table
    Air-track
    Attachments
    Agricultural tractors
    Articulated hauler
    Articulated truck
    Asphalt paver
    Asphalt plant
    Backhoe loader, Backhoe
    Ballast tamper
    Boomtruck
    Bulldozer
    Cherry picker
    Cold planer
    Compact excavator
    Concrete batch plant
    Construction & mining tractor
    Construction & mining trucks
    Crane
    Cure rig
    Dragline excavator
    Dredging
    Drilling machine
    Dump truck
    Excavator (wheel)
    Excavator (bagger, digger)
    Feller buncher
    Forklift
    Fresno scraper
    Front shovel
    Grader
    Harvester
    Highway 10 yard rear dump
    Highway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), triple
    Highway end dump and side dump
    Highway transfer, Transfer train
    Highway transit-mixer
    Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount) & Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)
    Loader
    Lowboy (trailer)
    Military engineering vehicles
    Pile driver
    Pipelayer
    Pneumatic tire compactor, Compactor
    Reclaimer & Soil stabilizer
    Roadheader
    Roller (road roller, roller compactor), Compactor
    Rotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator)
    Scraper
    Skid steer loader
    Skidder
    Skip loader (skippy)
    Slipform paver
    Soil stabilizer
    Steam shovel
    Stomper:concrete drop hammer
    Street sweeper
    Suction excavator
    Telescopic handlers
    Track harvester
    Track loader
    Track skidder
    Track-type tractors (Bulldozer)
    Tractor
    Trencher (machine)
    Tunnel boring machine
    Underground mining equipment
    Venturi-mixer
    Vibratory compactor, Compactor
    Water wagon
    Wheel dozers – soil compactors
    Wheel forwarder
    Wheel loader (front loader, integrated tool carrier)
    Wheel skidder
    Wheel tractor-scraper
    Yarder

Images

    The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked-type tractors and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as, earth.

    Normally the bucket is pulled toward the excavator to excavate material. The uncommon "thumb" attachment on this Caterpillar enables 'grabbing' objects, for example, during demolition.

    The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R.

    Iron bar reinforced foundation piles are driven with a drilling machine, concrete pump, mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn.

    Wheel loader

    Grader (plowing snow here)

    Landfill compactor (tamping tip)

    A wheeled front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams.

    Reconditioned Caterpillar 825G Soil Compactor

    Doosan heavy equipment 220LC-V during operation in The Antarctic King Sejong Station (Scientific research center of Korea).

    Folded conveyor on a tracked grinder

    Military engineering vehicles

    The militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for earthmoving projects in a combat environment. In the picture: IDF Caterpillar D9R.

    Military scraper

    PiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army (2008)

Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools

    auger
    backhoe
    bale spear
    broom
    bulldozer blade
    clam shell bucket
    cold plane
    demolition shears
    equipment bucket
    excavator bucket
    forks[disambiguation needed]
    grapple
    hydraulic hammer, hoe ram
    hydraulics
    hydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)
    landscape tiller
    material handling arm
    mechanical pulverizer, crusher
    multi processor
    pavement removal bucket
    pile driver
    power take-off (PTO)
    quick coupler
    rake
    ripper
    rotating grab
    sheep's foot compactor
    skeleton bucket
    snow blower
    stump grinder
    stump shear
    thumb
    tiltrotator
    trencher
    vibratory plate compactor
    wheel saw

Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks

    see caterpillar tracks

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earth moving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.
Structure

    "This system connects components, transmits loads, provides attachment points for implements, and allows the machine to travel over uneven ground. The machine’s frame, articulation, and steering for wheeled equipment are the major parts of this system."[1]

Powertrain

    internal combustion engine
    transmission
    steering (tracked equipment)
    brakes

Control and Information

    "The control and information systems. These systems enable the operator to direct and control all the other systems and provide information to guide operations or to monitor the performance and health of the equipment."[1]

Equipment operators

* see Heavy equipment operator
Operator training

The International Union of Operating Engineers has equipment schools where apprentice operators are trained.

The Association of Equipment Manufacturers provides effective safety training materials for operators of rough terrain forklifts and operators of industrial and agricultural mowers.

The National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools provides American national certification for heavy equipment operator

In the USA haul trucks are typically operated by Teamsters, who they are included on this page as equipment but have a differing apprenticeship and education system.

Currently there is not an international association of heavy equipment schools.
Equipment Cost

[4]

    purchase expense
    salvage value
    tax savings from depreciation
    major repairs and overhauls
    property taxes
    insurance
    storage

Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:

m = some year in the future

N = equipment useful life (years)

and Dn = Annual depreciation amount

    Dn = purchase price / N

Book value (BV) in year m

    BVm = purchase price - (m x Dn)

   

example:

N = 5

purchase price = $350,000

m = 3 years from now

    BV3 = $350,000 - ( 3 x $350,000/5) = $140,000

Operating cost

For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows[5]:

    F.O.G.
        fuel
        lubricants, lube oils, filters (oil, air, fuel, hydraulic), and grease

   

    repairs
        repair parts
        repair labor

   

    tires
    3rd party service contract
    replacement of high-wear items

The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. Major repairs are charged to the equipment, and minor repairs are charged to the job. It is advantageous for projects to classify all repairs as major, while the equipment department will desire to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job.
Models
Main article: Model construction vehicle

Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.
Notable Manufacturers

    Atlas Copco
    Bharat Earth Movers Limited (India)
    Bobcat Company
    CASE
    Caterpillar Inc.
    CNH Global
    Deere & Company
    Demag
    Doosan Group
    Doosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo Heavy Industries & Machinery) - including Solar brand
    Fiat-Allis
    Hitachi- Hitachi, Ltd.
    Hyundai Heavy Industries
    Ingersoll Rand
    JCB
    Kubota
    Kobelco
    Komatsu
    Liebherr Group
    Madill
    MARAIS
    Navistar International Corporation
    NCK
    New Holland
    Terex
    Track Marshall
    Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)
    Poclain
    Rototilt
    SANY Group Company Ltd.
    ST Kinetics
    Takeuchi Manufacturing
    Volvo Construction Equipment
    Zoomlion[6]


    Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Construction vehicles
See also

    Construction equipment theft
    Ritchie wiki

References

    ^ a b c C. B. Tatum et al., J. Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. 132, 987 (2006)
    ^ "Machine." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 22 May 2008, 20:01 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 May 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine&oldid=214260935>.
    ^ William R. Haycraft "History of Construction Equipment" Journal of Construction Engineering and Management / Volume 137 / Issue 10, Accepted 14 February 2011; published online 15 September 2011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374
    ^ Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN 0-07-232176-8, 2002.
    ^ Bartholomew, S.H. “Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction” CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-598327-4, 2000
    ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomlion

External links

    Constructionequipment.com
    Earthmoving in Perth Western Australia

[hide]

    v
    t
    e

Topics in geotechnical engineering
Soils    
Clay · Silt · Sand · Gravel · Peat · Loam · Loess
Soil properties    
Hydraulic conductivity · Water content · Void ratio · Bulk density · Thixotropy · Reynolds' dilatancy · Angle of repose · Cohesion · Porosity · Permeability · Specific storage
Soil mechanics    
Effective stress · Pore water pressure · Shear strength · Overburden pressure · Consolidation · Soil compaction · Soil classification · Shear wave · Lateral earth pressure
Geotechnical investigation    
Cone penetration test · Standard penetration test · Exploration geophysics · Monitoring well · Borehole
Laboratory tests    
Atterberg limits · California bearing ratio · Direct shear test · Hydrometer · Proctor compaction test · R-value · Sieve analysis · Triaxial shear test · Hydraulic conductivity tests · Water content tests
Field tests    
Crosshole sonic logging · Nuclear Densometer Test
Foundations    
Bearing capacity · Shallow foundation · Deep foundation · Dynamic load testing · Pile integrity test · Wave equation analysis · Statnamic load test
Retaining walls    
Mechanically stabilized earth · Soil nailing · Tieback · Gabion · Slurry wall
Slope stability    
Mass wasting · Landslide · Slope stability analysis
Earthquakes    
Soil liquefaction · Response spectrum · Seismic hazard · Ground-structure interaction
Geosynthetics    
Geotextile · Geomembranes · Geosynthetic clay liner · Cellular confinement
Instrumentation for Stability Monitoring    
Deformation monitoring · Automated Deformation Monitoring

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